The Company applies the following five steps in order to recognize revenue from contracts with customers: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

At contract inception, the Company assesses whether the goods or services promised within the contract represent a performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative basis using the best estimate of the stand-alone selling price of each performance obligation, which is estimated using the expected-cost-plus-margin approach. Generally, the Company’s contracts with customers are structured such that the customer has the option to purchase additional goods or services. Customer options to purchase additional goods or services do not represent a separate performance obligation as the prices for such options reflect the stand-alone selling prices for the additional goods or services. The majority of the Company’s contracts with customers have a single performance obligation.

The Company recognizes the transaction price allocated to the respective performance obligation as revenue as the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of the Company's contracts with customers relate to the creation of specialized assets that do not have alternative use and entitle the Company to an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Accordingly, the Company generally measures progress towards the satisfaction of a performance obligation over time using the cost-to-cost input method.

Payments for costs not yet incurred or for costs incurred in anticipation of providing a good or service under a contract with a customer in the future are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Estimate-at-Completion (“EAC”)

As the majority of the Company’s revenue is recognized over time using the cost-to-cost input method, the recognition of revenue and the estimate of cost-at-completion is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment.

EAC represents the total estimated cost-at-completion and is comprised of direct material, direct labor and manufacturing overhead applicable to a performance obligation. There is a company-wide standard and periodic EAC process in which the Company reviews the progress and execution of outstanding performance obligations. As part of this process, the Company reviews information including, but not limited to, any outstanding key contract matters, progress towards completion and the related program schedule, identified risks and opportunities and the related changes in estimates of revenues and costs. The risks and opportunities include the Company’s judgment about the ability and cost to achieve the schedule (e.g., the number and type of milestone events), technical requirements (e.g.,

a newly-developed product versus a mature product) and other contract requirements. The Company must make assumptions and estimates regarding labor productivity and availability, the complexity of the work to be performed, the availability of materials, the length of time to complete the performance obligation (e.g., to estimate increases in wages and prices for materials and related support cost allocations), execution by subcontractors, the availability and timing of funding from customers and overhead cost rates, among other variables.

Based on the results of the periodic EAC process, any adjustments to revenue, cost of sales, and the related impact to gross profit are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period they become known. These adjustments may result from positive program performance, and may result in an increase in gross profit during the performance of individual performance obligations, if it is determined the Company will be successful in mitigating risks surrounding the technical, schedule and cost aspects of those performance obligations or realizing related opportunities. Likewise, these adjustments may result in a decrease in gross profit if it is determined the Company will not be successful in mitigating these risks or realizing related opportunities. A significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of one or more of the Company’s performance obligations.

Contract modifications often relate to changes in contract specifications and requirements. Contract modifications are considered to exist when the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Most of the Company’s contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration service provided in the context of the contract and are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price, and the measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates, is recognized as an adjustment to revenue either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Some of the Company’s long-term contracts contain award fees, incentive fees, or other provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts generally are awarded upon achievement of certain performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets and can be based upon customer discretion. Variable consideration is estimated at the most likely amount to which the Company is expected to be entitled. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information (historical, current, and forecasted) that is reasonably available. The unfunded portion of enforceable contracts are accounted for as variable consideration.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Below is a summary of the Company’s accounting by type of revenue:

The following tables present the Company’s disaggregated revenue by offering and customer type for the periods presented:

Remaining Performance Obligations

Revenue from remaining performance obligations is calculated as the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period on executed contracts, including both funded (firm orders for which funding is authorized and appropriated) and unfunded portions of such contracts. Remaining performance obligations exclude contracts in which the Company recognizes revenue in proportion to the amount it has the right to invoice for services performed and does not include unexercised contract options and potential orders under indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracts.

Contract assets

Contract assets relate to instances in which revenue recognized exceeds amounts billed to customers and are reclassified to accounts receivable when the Company has an unconditional right to the consideration and bills the customer. Contract assets are classified as current and non-current based on the estimated timing in which the Company will bill the customer and are not considered to include a significant financing component as the payment terms are intended to protect the customer in the event the Company does not perform on its obligations under the contract.

The Company records an allowance for credit losses against its contract assets for amounts not expected to be recovered. The allowance is recognized at inception and is reassessed each reporting period. The allowance for credit losses on contract assets was not material for the periods presented.

Contract assets from products and services for which the U.S. Government is the ultimate customer included in contract assets was $12.4 million and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following is a summary of contract assets, net, recognized in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of the dates presented:

(1) Balances reflected are subsequent to the adoption of CECL on January 1, 2022.

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities relate to advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized and are recognized into revenue as the Company satisfies the underlying performance obligations. Contract liabilities are classified as current and non-current based on the estimated timing in which the Company will satisfy the underlying performance obligations and are not considered to include a significant financing component as they are generally utilized to procure materials needed to satisfy a performance obligation or are used to ensure the customer meets contractual requirements.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable represent unconditional rights to consideration due from customers in the ordinary course of business and are generally due in one year or less. Accounts receivable are recorded at amortized cost less an allowance for credit losses, which is based on the Company’s assessment of the collectability of its accounts receivable. The Company reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses by considering the age of each outstanding invoice and the collection history of each customer. Accounts receivable that are deemed uncollectible are charged against the allowance for credit losses when identified.

The following table presents changes in the allowance for credit losses for the periods presented:

Reserve for Anticipated Losses on Contracts

When the estimated cost-at-completion exceeds the estimated revenue to be earned for a performance obligation, the Company records a reserve for the anticipated losses in the period the loss is determined. The reserve for anticipated losses on contracts is presented as a current liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and as a component of cost of sales in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in accordance with ASC 605-35, Revenue Recognition – Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.